Zoogeography of fresh water. Volume 3
Автор(ы): | Banarescu P.
28.12.2013
|
Год изд.: | 1993 |
Описание: | With the exception of its northwestern comer (or, for terrestrial animals, the entire subtropical area north of the Sahara) which is inhabited by a fauna with European affinities, Africa represents a distinct and well delimited zoogeographi-cal entity, usually recorded in the literature as the “Ethiopian region”. However, most phytogeographers lump together tropical Africa with southern Asia as an Indo-African region or realm, considering South Africa as a distinct phytogeo-graphical realm - “Regnum Capense”. Students of terrestrial animals also include the Arabian Peninsula within the Ethiopian Region; in the author’s opinion, the poor freshwater fauna of this peninsula has prevailing western Asian affinities, although it also includes some true African lineages. |
Оглавление: |
Обложка книги.
18 Africa (The Ethiopian region) [1103]18.1 Composition of the fauna [1103] 18.1.1 Primary freshwater fishes [1103] 18.1.2 Primary freshwater higher Crustacea [1109] 18.1.3 Primary freshwater Mollusca [1110] 18.1.4 Primary freshwater free-living lower Invertebrata [1118] 18.1.5 Secondary division freshwater fishes [1119] 18.1.6 Freshwater crabs [1120] 18.1.7 Peripheral freshwater fishes [1121] 18.1.8 Peripheral freshwater Invertebrata [1122] 18.1.9 Crustacean parasites on freshwater fishes [1127] 18.1.10 Entomostraca inhabiting mainly temporary pools [1127] 18.1.11 Aquatic insects and water mites [1128] 18.2 Regional distribution of the African freshwater fauna [1131] 18.2.1 General distribution pattern [1131] 18.2.2 The Zaire (Congo) river basin [1135] 18.2.3 The Nile river basin [1137] 18.2.4 Western Africa north of the Zaire river basin [1139] 18.2.4.1 Drainages of the Nilo-Sudan province [1139] 18.2.4.2 The Upper and Lower Guinea provinces [1140] 18.2.5 The Zambesi, Lake Ngami and Limpopo basins [1143] 18.2.6 Eastern Africa [1145] 18.2.6.1 The Ethiopian highlands [1145] 18.2.6.2 The rivers of Somalia and northern Kenya [1145] 18.2.6.3 The rivers of southern Kenya, Tanzania and Mozambique [1146] 18.2.7 Quanza River, Angola [1146] 18.2.8 Southern Africa (Cape Province) [1147] 18.2.9 The Great Lakes [1149] 18.2.9.1 Lake Victoria [1149] 18.2.9.2 Lake Tanganyika [1150] 18.2.9.3 Lake Malawi (Nyassa) [1152] 18.3 Biogeographical relationships and history of the African freshwater fauna [1153] 18.3.1 Relations with other faunas [1153] 18.3.2 Relations between the African freswater faunas [1156] 18.3.3 Disjunctions in the African freshwater fauna [1157] 18.3.4 Vicariant relationships within the Ethiopian freshwater fauna [1158] 18.3.5 The fossil record [1160] 18.3.6 Probable history of the freshwater fauna [1162] 19 Madagascar and satellite islands [1171] 19.1 Composition of the freshwater fauna [1171] 19.1.1 Primary freshwater animals [1171] 19.1.2 Secondary and peripheral freshwater animals [1172] 19.1.3 Aquatic insects and water mites [1174] 19.2 Relationships and history of the Malagasy freshwater fauna [1175] 20 South America [1179] 20.1 Composition of the fauna [1179] 20.1.1 Primary freshwater fishes [1179] 20.1.2 Primary freshwater higher Crustacea [1181] 20.1.3 Continental freshwater Mollusca [1183] 20.1.4 Primary freshwater lower Invertebrata [1187] 20.1.5 Secondary division freshwater fishes and crabs [1189] 20.1.6 Peripheral freshwater fishes [1191] 20.1.7 Peripheral freshwater In vertebrata [1195] 20.1.8 Entomostraca with passive dispersal means [1197] 20.1.9 Aquatic insects and water mites [1200] 20.2 Regional distribution of the riverine-net fauna [1206] 20.2.1 The tropical South American fauna [1207] 20.2.1.1 General distribution pattern [1207] 20.2.1.2 The Amazon basin [1215] 20.2.1.3 The Guianas [1220] 20.2.1.4 Rio Orinoco [1222] 20.2.1.5 Rio Parana basin [1223] 20.2.1.6 East and southeastern Brazil [1226] 20.2.1.7 Rio Magdalena [1227] 20.2.1.8 The Pacific slope of tropical South America [1230] 20.2.1.9 Lake Titicaca and the Altiplano [1233] 20.2.2 Temperate and cold South America [1235] 20.3 Regional distribution of Entomostraca with passive dispersal means [1237] 20.4 Regional distribution of aquatic insects and of water mites [1238] 20.5 Biogeographical relationships and history of the freshwater fauna [1245] 20.5.1 Relations with other faunas [1245] 20.5.2 Interrelationship in the freshwater fauna [1247] 20.5.3 Disjunctions in the freshwater fauna [1248] 20.5.4 Vicariant relationships in the South American freshwater fauna and sympatry of close relatives [1249] 20.5.5 Palaeogeography of South America and probable origin and history of its freshwater fauna [1252] 21 The Central American/Caribbean intermediary areas [1256] 21.1 Composition of the freshwater fauna [1256] 21.1.1 Primary freshwater fishes of Central America [1256] 21.1.2 Primary freshwater In vertebrata of Central America [1258] 21.1.3 Presumed primary freshwater animals of the Antilles [1259] 21.1.4 Secondary division freshwater fishes [1260] 21.1.5 Freshwater crabs [1263] 21.1.6 Нуpogean, presumed Tethyan lineages of higher Crustacea [1264] 21.1.7 Other peripheral freshwater animals [1267] 21.1.8 Freshwater insects [1269] 21.1.9 Hypogean water mites [1272] 21.2 Regional distribution of the freshwater fauna in Central America [1273] 21.3 Affinities and probable history of the freshwater fauna of Central America and the Antilles [1276] 22 The Australian region [1284] 22.1 Composition of the fauna [1284] 22.1.1 Primary division freshwater fishes [1284] 22.1.2 Primary freshwater higher Crustacea [1285] 22.1.3 Continental freshwater Mollusca [1287] 22.1.4 Primary freshwater lower invertebrates [1292] 22.1.5 Peripheral freshwater fishes [1293] 22.1.6 Secondary and peripheral freshwater invertebrates [1305] 22.1.7 Entomostraca with passive dispersal means [1310] 22.1.8 Aquatic insects and water mites [1313] 22.2 Regional distribution of the riverine-net fauna [1321] 22.2.1 General distribution pattern [1321] 22.2.2 The Leichhardtian district [1323] 22.2.3 The Riechian district [1325] 22.2.4 The Gaimardian district [1327] 22.2.5 The Jardinian district [1327] 22.2.6 The Krefftian district [1328] 22.2.7 The Sturtian district [1329] 22.2.8 The Mitchellian district [1330] 22.2.9 The Lessonian district [1331] 22.2.10 The Petterdinian district [1332] 22.2.11 The Tobinian district [1334] 22.2.12 The Vlaminghian district [1335] 22.2.13 The Greyian district [1336] 22.3 Regional distribution of the aquatic insects [1337] 22.4 Biogeographical relationships and history of the freshwater fauna of Australia and New Guinea [1340] 22.4.1 Affinities with other faunas [1340] 22.4.2 Relations between the Australian freshwater faunas [1344] 22.4.3 Disjunctions in the Australian freshwater fauna [1346] 22.4.4 Vicariant relationships within the Australian freshwater fauna [1347] 22.4.5 History of the Australian freshwater fauna [1349] 23 New Zealand [1355] 23.1 Composition of the freshwater fauna [1355] 23.1.1 Primary freshwater animals [1355] 23.1.2 Peripheral freshwater animals [1357] 23.1.3 Aquatic insects and water mites [1359] 23.2 Biogeographical relationships and history of the freshwater fauna [1363] 23.2.1 Affinities with other faunas [1363] 23.2.2 History of the aquatic fauna [1364] 24 The Indo- West Pacific and circum-Antarctic peripheral areas [1367] 24.1 The Indo-West Pacific peripheral areas [1367] 24.1.1 General faunistic characterization [1367] 24.1.2 The islands of eastern Indonesia (except Sulawesi) [1371] 24.1.3 Sulawesi (= Celebes) Island [1372] 24.1.4 The northern Philippines [1374] 24.1.5 The Bismarck Archipelago and Solomon Islands [1375] 24.1.6 The Pacific islands [1376] 24.1.7 Origin of the Indo-West Pacific freshwater fauna and significance of Wallace’s and Lydekker’s Lines [1379] 24.2 New Caledonia [1383] 24.3 The circum-Antarctic peripheral areas [1386] 25 General conclusions about the distribution and dispersal history of freshwater animals [1388] 25.1 Distinction between old continental lineages and lineages of marine origin in fresh waters [1388] 25.2 Pangaean origin of many freshwater lineages [1391] 25.3 Divergent evolution in the fragments of Pangaea [1392] 25.4 Later contacts between former fragments of Gondwanaland and northern continents and their consequences [1395] 25.5 Two alternative hypotheses for explaining the origin of the recent freshwater faunas [1397] 25.5.1 The expanding earth hypothesis [1397] 25.5.2 The presumed northern origin of most lineages and their gradual southward spread [1400] 25.6 Problems of dispersal across salt water and terrestrial barriers [1403] 25.7 Continuous modifications of the riverine net favouring dispersal by continental freshwater routes [1405] 25.8 Continuous colonization of inland waters by marine intruders [1406] 25.9 Main ecological factors influencing the distribution of freshwater animals [1407] 25.9.1 Climate, cold-adapted and warm-adapted lineages [1407] 25.9.2 Size of the area [1409] 25.9.3 Degree of rheophily and possibility of using river captures [1410] 25.10 Effects of competition [1411] 25.10.1 Competition between continental lineages [1411] 25.10.2 Competition between lineages of continental and of marine origin [1414] 25.10.3 Differential extinction and differential survival in various areas [1416] 25.11 Distinct dispersal histories leading to indentical type of distribution [1419] 25.12 Significance of the different geological periods [1420] 25.13 Significance of the riverine and of the old lacustrine faunas [1422] 25.14 Some biogeographical considerations on the hypogean freshwater animals [1424] Additional Comments [1426] Addenda and Corrigenda [1432] References [1449] Index of scientific and common names [1519] |
Формат: | djvu |
Размер: | 3872427 байт |
Язык: | АНГ |
Рейтинг: | 96 |
Открыть: | Ссылка (RU) |