Energy, Plants and Man

Автор(ы):Walker D.
06.10.2007
Год изд.:1992
Описание: Книга рассказывает о трансформации солнечной энергии, последовательном проходе от растений (продуцентов) к животным и человеку (консументам). В книге множество полукарикатурных иллюстраций, благодаря чему научный материал гораздо легче пережевывается :)
Оглавление:
Energy, Plants and Man — обложка книги. Обложка книги.
INTRODUCTION [1]
Chapter 1 A FEW FUNDAMENTALS [9]
  MATTER AND ENERGY
    1.1 Atoms, Molecules and Bonds [10]
    1.2 Oxidation and Reduction [13]
    1.3 Electron Transport in Photosynthesis and Respiration [16]
  THE SOURCE OF ORGANIC CARBON
    1.4 The Products of Photosynthesis [17]
    1.5 Chemical Composition of Leaves [19]
    1.6 Ashes to Ashes [20]
  ENERGY TRANSDUCTION IN PHOTOSYNTHESIS
    1.7 An Analogy [20]
  THE PHILOSOPHER'S STONE
    1.8 How to be one up [23]
    1.9 The Laws of Thermodynamics [23]
Chapter 2 WHERE IT ALL STARTS [25]
  SOLAR ENERGY
    2.1 The Sim [26]
    2.2 The Nature of Light [26]
    2.3 The Energy Content of Light [29]
    2.4 A Word About Units [31]
    2.5 Light Intensity [32]
    2.6 The Availability of Solar Energy [34]
    2.7 Light as an Energy Carrier [35]
    2.8 Getting Excited [36]
  FLUORESCENCE
    2.9 A Rich and Ambiguous Signal [38]
    2.10 Quenching Analysis [40]
Chapter 3 HARVESTING THE SUN [43]
    3.1 The Photoreceptors [44]
    3.2 Photosynthetic Units [45]
    3.3 Light-harvesting Antennae [48]
    3.4 Downhill All the Way? [48]
    3.5 The Heart of the Matter [49]
    3.6 Chlorophyll Protein Complexes [50]
    3.7 РSI Reaction Centre [51]
    3.8 PSI Reaction Centre [51]
    3.9 Electron Carriers [51]
    3.10 Beyond PSI [52]
    3.11 Where it All Happens [53]
    3.12 Starch Pictures [55]
    3.13 Structure of the Chloroplast [59]
    3.14 Summary [64]
Chapter 4 ASSIMILATORY POWER [65]
    4.1 Equations Old and New [66]
    4.2 The Reduction of NADP [68]
    4.3 The Z-scheme [69]
    4.4 Non-cyclic or Linear Electron Transport [71]
    4.5 Cyclic Electron Transport [72]
    4.6 Hydrolysis of Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) [73]
    4.7 The Generation of ATP [74]
    4.8 Assimilatory Power [76]
    4.9 Utilisation of Assimilatory Power [77]
    4.10 Where it all Ends [78]
    4.11 The Phosphate Translocator [79]
    4.12 The Red Drop [82]
    4.13 Summary [84]
Chapter 5 THE DARK BIOCHEMISTRY [85]
  C3 PHOTOSYNTHESIS
    5.1 Photosynthetic carbon assimilation [86]
    5.2 The Calvin Cycle [88]
    5.3 End Product and Autocatalysis [92]
    5.4 The Reduction of PGA [93]
    5.5 Energy Inputs [95]
    5.6 Stoichiometries [95]
  PHOTORESPIRATION
    5.7 Oxygenation [98]
    5.8 Virtue or Necessity? [98]
    5.9 A Necessary Evil [99]
    5.10 All is not lost [101]
  C4 PHOTOSYNTHESIS
    5.11 C4 Plants [103]
    5.12 Greenhouses within Plants [104]
  CRASSULACEAN ACID METABOLISM
    5.13 Came you not from Newcastle? [107]
    5.14 Dark Acidification [112]
    5.15 Light Deacidification [115]
    5.16 Energy Costs [116]
    5.17 Should I Compare Thee to a summers Day? [117]
    5.18 Summary [119]
Chapter 6 OF PLANTS AND MEN [121]
    6.1 All Flesh is Grass [122]
    6.2 Eating Potatoes [124]
    6.3 Defying Thermodynamics [127]
    6.4 Rods, Poles and Perches [130]
    6.5 Sunbeams into Cucumbers [131]
    6.6 Oil into Potatoes [134]
    6.7 Photosynthetic Efficiency [135]
    6.8 Efficiency of the Standing Crop [141]
    6.9 Roofs and Ceilings [143]
  SAFELY DISSIPATED
    6.10 The Need for Dissipation [146]
    6.11 Acid Bath Technology [148]
    6.12 The Governor [149]
    6.13 Summary [150]
Chapter 7 DOOM AND GLOOM [151]
  PREDICTION, SCEPTICISM, OPTIMISM AND PESSIMISM
    7.1 Noah and the Ark [152]
  THE GREENHOUSE EFFECT
    7.2 What is it? [153]
    7.3 How Does it Work? [155]
    7.4 Generating Hot Air [156]
  THE GREENHOUSE GASES
    7.5 Carbon Dioxide [159]
    7.6 Methane [166]
    7.7 Chlorofluoromethanes [171]
    7.8 New CFCs for Old [173]
    7.9 Ozone [175]
    7.10 Oxides of Nitrogen [177]
    7.11 Summary [178]
Chapter 8 CONSEQUENCES AND UNCERTAINTIES [179]
    8.1 What Might Happen [180]
    8.2 Through a Glass Darkly [183]
    8.3 Back in the Dark Days [185]
    8.4 The Yo-Yo Concept [192]
    8.5 Will it Happen? [196]
    8.6 Down to the Sea [197]
    8.7 The Missing Sink [199]
    8.8 What Rubbish! [201]
    8.9 Will Temperatures Rise and Catastrophe Follow? [203]
    8.10 Can Population be Maintained? [203]
    8.11 Malthus Revisited [205]
    8.12 What Will Happen If We Get It Wrong? [206]
    8.13 How Will Rising Carbon Dioxide Affect Plants? [208]
    8.14 Carbon Dioxide as a Fertiliser [209]
    8.15 Increased Water Use Efficiency [213]
    8.16 Summary [215]
Chapter 9 IS THERE ANOTHER WAY? [217]
    9.1 An Excursion into Dangerous Ground [218]
    9.2 Procreation and Population [219]
    9.3 An Inversion of Ends and Means [224]
    9.4 Going Critical [227]
    9.5 The Virtues of Thrift [232]
    9.6 Would Energy Conservation Help? [234]
  RENEWABLE RESOURCES
    9.7 Looking at Alternatives [235]
    9.8 Ocean Energy [236]
    9.9 Gone with theWind [238]
    9.10 Let the Sun Shine In [239]
    9.11 Photovoltaics [239]
    9.12 Hot Rocks [241]
    9.13 The Rain Forests [242]
    9.14 Biofuels [244]
    9.15 Hydrogen Power [247]
    9.16 Epilogue [249]
FIGURES
Chapter [1]
  Fig. 1.1 Relationship between photosynthesis and respiration [16]
    1.2 Electrical analogy of photo synthetic oxygen evolution [21]
Chapter 2
  Fig. 2.1 Electromaguetic radiation [27]
    2.2 What Man sees and what the green plant uses [27]
    2.3 Light as a waveform [28]
    2.4 Light as a force field [35]
    2.5 Electronic states of helium [36]
    2.6 Excitation of chlorophyll by red and blue light [37]
    2.7 The Kautsky effect [39]
    2.8 Complex fluorescence kinetics [39]
    2.9 Organisation of electron carriers in the thylakoid membrane [41]
    2.10 Q-analysis [42]
Chapter 3
  Fig. 3.1 Absorption spectra of chlorophylls in acetone [45]
    3.2 A photosynthetic unit [46]
    3.3 Organisation of components in thylakoid membranes [47]
    3.4 Photosystem II [49]
    3.5 The thylakoid membrane [50]
    3.6 Three dimensional view of the interior of a leaf [54]
    3.7 Cross section of a C3 leaf [55]
    3.8 Starch Picture "Innocence" [57]
    3.9 Starch Picture of chloroplast structure [57]
  Fig. 3.10 Starch Pictures [58]
    3.11 Mstabolic sites in the chloroplast [60]
    3.12 Electron mrocrograph showing chloi op lasts [61]
    3.13 Enlargement of Fig.3.12 [62]
    3.14 Further enlargement of thylakoid membrane [63]
Chapter 4
  Fig 4.1 The Z-scheme by analogy [69]
    4.2 The Z-scheme [70]
    4.3 Possible routes of electron transport [71]
    4.4 Pseudocyclic electron transport [72]
    4.5 ATP hydrolysis by analogy [73]
    4.6 Hydrolysis of ATP to ADP and Pi [73]
    4.7 Generation of ATP [75]
    4.8 Arnon, Allen and Whatley's Experiment [77]
    4.9 The Calvin cycle in outline [78]
    4.10 Starch and sucrose synthesis [79]
    4.11 The Pi translocate [80]
    4.12 Absoption and action spectra compared [83]
    4.13 Action spectrum of O2 evolution by Cluorelia [83]
Chapter 5
  Fig. 5.1 Light and dark events in photosynthesis [89]
    5.2 The Calvin Cycle in outline [90]
    5.3 Calvin Cycle in more detail [91]
    5.4 Reduction of PGA to triose phosphate [94]
    5.5 Photorespiration [98]
    5.6 Distrfoution of newly fixed carbon [100]
    5.7 Production and utilisation of ghxollate [101]
    5.8 Maximal oxygentation of RuBP in the Calvin Cycle [102]
    5.9 C4 Photosynthesis [103]
    5.10 Kranz Anatomy [107]
    5.11 Crassulacean Acid Metabolism [111]
Chapter 6
  Fig. 6.1 Cycling of metabolites [125]
    6.2 Photosynthetically active radiation [132]
    6.3 Land areas needed to feed one person [133]
    6.4 Rate of photosynthesis [139]
    6.5 A degree of photoinhibition [140]
    6.6 The Z-Scheme [144]
    6.7 Roofs and ceilings [145]
    6.8 Rate v PFD in sun and shade leaves [147]
Chapter 7
  Fig 7.1 Radiation and atmosphere [153]
  Fig 7.2 The atmospheric heat balance [154]
    7.3 The greenhouse effect [155]
    7.4 Atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration [158]
    7.5 Carbon dioxide in glacier bubbles [159]
    7.6 World carbon emissions from fossil fuels [160]
    7.7 Historical carbon emmisions rate, by region [160]
    7.8 World primary energy consumption 1860-1965 [161]
    7.9 Sources of electrical energy [161]
    7.10 Concentrations of atmospheric CH(?) [166]
    7.11 Monthly concentrations of atmospheric CH(?) [167]
    7.12 Divisions of the atmosphere [168]
    7.13 Present contributions to greenhouse warming [175]
    7.14 Laughing gas from leaky pipes [178]
Chapter 8
  Fig. 8.1 Global warming [182]
    8.2 Increases in sea level [182]
    8.3 Tentative time scale [186]
    8.4 Photosynthesis and atmosphere [187]
    8.5 Effects of ultra violet [191]
    8.6 The Yo-Yo in action [193]
    8.7 Greenhouse gases [194]
    8.8 Effect of carbon dioxide on photosynthesis [209]
    8.9 Effect of carbon dioxide [210]
    8.10 Rate as a function of PFD [211]
    8.11 Temperature and carbon dioxide [212]
Chapter 9
  Fig. 9.1 A photovoltaic cell [240]
TABLES
Chapter 1
  Table 1.1 Chemical composition of leaves [19]
Chapter 2
  Table 2.1  Energy content of monochromatic, visible light [30]
    2.2 Global irradiance expressed in several ways [34]
Chapter 5
  Table 5.1 Energy costs of СЗ, С4 and CAM [116]
TABLES CONTINUED Chapter 6
  Table 6.1 A loaf of bread, a jug of wine [124]
    6.2 Potatoes made of oil [134]
    6.3 Conversion of light energy to chemical energy [142]
Chapter 7
  Table 7.1  Per capita carbon dioxide emissions [162]
    7.2 Heating caused by greenhouse gases [165]
    7.3 Past and projected greenhouse gas concentrations [169]
    7.4 Carbon dioxide emission from fossil fuels [170]
    7.5 Atmospheric lifetimes of CFCs [174]
Chapter 8
  Table 8.1 Geological time scale [184]
    8.3 Carbon dioxide in atmosphere, biosphere and ocean [198]
Chapter 9
  Table 9.1 Renewable Resources [235]
    9.2 Wind energy produced in 1985, by location [238]
    9.3 Hydrothermal electric power plants [241]
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