Diffusion of innovations, изд. 3
| Автор(ы): | Rogers Everett M.
06.10.2007
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| Год изд.: | 1983 |
| Издание: | 3 |
| Описание: | The present book is cast in a theoretical framework involving the concepts of information and uncertainty. Information about innovations is often sought from near-peers, especially information about their subjective evaluations of the innovation. This information exchange about a new idea occurs through a convergence process involving interpersonal networks. The diffusion of innovations, thus, is essentially a social process in which subjectively perceived information about a new idea is communicated. |
| Оглавление: |
Обложка книги.
Preface Chapter 1 ELEMENTS OF DIFFUSION [1] WHAT IS DIFFUSION? [5] FOUR MAIN ELEMENTS IN THE DIFFUSION OF INNOVATIONS [10] 1. The Innovation [11] 2. Communication Channels [17] 3. Time [20] 4. A Social System [24] SUMMARY [34] Chapter 2 A HISTORY OF DIFFUSION RESEARCH [38] THE BEGINNINGS OF DIFFUSION RESEARCH IN EUROPE [40] Gabriel Tardeand The laws of Imitation [40] The British and German-Austrian Diffusionists [41] THE RISE OF DIFFUSION RESEARCH TRADITIONS [42] Paradigms and Invisible Colleges [43] The Anthropology Research Tradition [46] Early Sociology [50] Rural Sociology [57] Education [62] Public Health and Medical Sociology [65] Communication [72] Marketing [74] Geography [77] General Sociology [78] A TYPOLOGY OF DIFFUSION RESEARCH [79] SUMMARY [85] Chapter 3 CONTRIBUTIONS AND CRITICISMS OF DIFFUSION RESEARCH [87] THE CONTRIBUTIONS AND STATUS OF DIFFUSION RESEARCH TODAY. CRITICISMS OF DIFFUSION RESEARCH [91] The Pro-Innovation Bias ofDiffusion Research [92] The Individual-Blame Bias in Diffusion Research [103] The Recall Problem in Diffusion Research [112] The Issue of Equality in the Diffusion of Innovations [113] GENERALIZING ABOUT DIFFUSION VIA МЕТА-RESEARCH [126] Relating Theory and Research at the Middle Range [128] The Oversimplification of Two-Concept Generalizations [130] The Reliability ofDiffusion Generalizations [131] SUMMARY [133] Chapter 4 THE GENERATION OF INNOVATIONS [134] THE INNOVATION-DEVELOPMENT PROCESS [135] 1. Recognizing a Problem or Need [135] 2. Basic and Applied Research [138] 3. Development [139] 4. Commercialization [143] 5. Diffusion and Adoption [144] 6. Consequences [149] SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS, EQUALITY, AND INNOVATION DEVELOPMENT [153] TRACING THE INNOVATION-DEVELOPMENT PROCESS [155] Shortcomings ofthe Tracer Studies [157] Questions for Future Research [157] CONVERTING RESEARCH INTO PRACTICE [158] The Agricultural Extension Model [159] Decentralized Diffusion Systems [160] SUMMARY [161] Chapter 5 THE INNOVATION-DECISION PROCESS [163] A MODEL OF THE INNOVATION-DECISION PROCESS [163] KNOWLEDGE STAGE [164] Which Comes First, Needs or Awareness of an Innovation ? [164] Types ofKnowledge about an Innovation [167] Early Versus Late Knowers oflnnovations [168] PERSUASION STAGE [169] DECISION STAGE [172] IMPLEMENTATION STAGE [174] The End of Implementation [175] Re-Invention [175] CONFIRMATION STAGE [184] Dissonance [185] Discontinuance [186] ARE THERE STAGES IN THE PROCESS? [191] Evidence ofthe Stages [192] Variance andProcess Research [194] COMMUNICATION CHANNELS BY STAGES IN THE INNOVATION-DECISION PROCESS [197] Categorizing Communication Channels [197] Mass Media Versus Interpersonal Channels [198] Cosmopolite Versus Localite Channels [200] COMMUNICATION CHANNELS BY ADOPTER CATEGORIES [201] THE INNOVATION-DECISION PERIOD [202] Rate of Awareness-Knowledge and Rate of Adoption. [202] Length ofthe Period by Adopter Category [203] SUMMARY [206] Chapter 6 ATTRIBUTES OF INNOVATIONS AND THEIR RATE OF ADOPTION [210] ATTRIBUTES OF INNOVATIONS [211] RELATIVE ADVANTAGE [213] Economic factors and Rate of Adoption [214] Status Aspects oflnnovations [215] Relative Advantage and Rate of Adoption [217] Effects of Incentives [279] COMPATIBILITY [223] Compatibility with Values andBeliefs [223] Compatibility with Previously Introduced Ideas [224] Compatibility with Needs [225] Compatibility and Rate of Adoption [226] Technology Clusters [226] Naming an Innovation [227] Positioning an Innovation [228] COMPLEXITY [230] TRIAL ABILITY [231] OBSERVABILITY [232] EXPLAINING RATE OF ADOPTION [232] THE DIFFUSION EFFECT [234] OVERADOPTION [236] SUMMARY [238] Chapter 7 INNOVATIVENESS AND ADOPTER CATEGORIES [241] CLASSIFYING ADOPTER CATEGORIES ON THE BASIS OF INNOVATIVENESS [242] The S-Curve of Adoption and Normality [243] The Method ofAdopter Categorization [245] ADOPTER CATEGORIES AS IDEAL TYPES [247] Innovators: Venturesome [248] Early Adopters: Respectable [248] Early Majority: Deliberate [249] Late Majority: Skeptical [249] Laggards: Traditional [250] CHARACTERISTICS OF ADOPTER CATEGORIES [251] Socioeconomic Characteristics [251] Personality Variables [257] Communication Behavior [258] A Summary of the Characteristics of Adopter Categories [259] The Innovativeness-Needs Paradox [263] PREDICTING INNOVATIVENESS WITH MULTIPLE CORRELATION TECHNIQUES [265] COMPUTER SIMULATION OF INNOVATION DIFFUSION [267] SUMMARY [268] Chapter 8 OPINION LEADERSHIP AND DIFFUSION NETWORKS [271] MODELS OF MASS-COMMUNICATION FLOWS [272] Hypodermic Needle Model [272] The Two-Step Flow Model [272] HOMOPHILY-HETEROPHILY AND THE FLOW OF COMMUNICATION [274] Homophily-Heterophily [274] Homophily as a Barrier to Diffusion [275] MEASURING OPINION LEADERSHIP AND NETWORK LINKS [277] CHARACTERISTICS OF OPINION LEADERS [281] External Communication [282] Accessibility [282] Socioeconomic Status [282] Innovativeness [284] Innovativeness, Opinion Leadership, and System Norms [284] MONOMORPHIC AND POLYMORPHIC OPINION LEADERSHIP [288] DIFFUSION NETWORKS [293] Communication Network Analysis [294] The-Strength-of- Weak-Ties [295] Who Is Linked to Whom in Networks? [299] SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY [304] Contrasting Social Learning andDiffusion [305] Horizons for Social Modeling [307] SUMMARY [307] Chapter 9 THE CHANGE AGENT [312] CHANGE AGENTS AS LINKERS [313] THE SEQUENCE OF CHANGE AGENT ROLES [315] FACTORS IN CHANGE AGENT SUCCESS [317] Change Agent Effort [317] Change Agency Versus Client Orientation [318] Compatibility with Clients' Needs [319] Change Agent Empathy [327] HOMOPHILY AND CHANGE AGENT CONTACT [321] Change Agent Contact with Lower-Status Clients [323] Paraprofessional Aides [325] Change Agent Credibility [328] InauthenlicProfessionalization of Aides [331] OPINION LEADERS [331] CLIENTS' EVALUATIVE ABILITY [332] CENTRALIZED AND DECENTRALIZED DIFFUSION SYSTEMS [333] The Classical Diffusion Model [333] Comparing Centralized Versus Decentralized Diffusion Systems [334] Advantages and Disadvantages of Decentralized Diffusion [337] SUMMARY [343] Chapter 10 INNOVATION IN ORGANIZATIONS [347] ORGANIZATIONS [348] ORGANIZATIONAL INNOVATIVENESS [355] Shortcomings of Organizational Innovativeness Studies [356] Size and Organizational Innovativeness [358] Structural Characteristics and Organizational Innovativeness [359] STAGES IN THE INNOVATION PROCESS IN ORGANIZATIONS [361] A Model ofthe Innovation Process in Organizations [362] Time Sequence ofthe Stages in the Innovation Process [365] SUMMARY [370] Chapter 11 CONSEQUENCES OF INNOVATIONS [371] A MODEL FOR STUDYING CONSEQUENCES [375] WHY HAVEN'T CONSEQUENCES BEEN STUDIED MORE? [375] CLASSIFICATIONS OF CONSEQUENCES [379] Desirable Versus Undesirable Consequences [380] Direct Versus Indirect Consequences [384] Anticipated Versus Unanticipated Consequences [387] EQUALITY IN THE CONSEQUENCES OF INNOVATIONS [391] The Issue ofEquality in Development Programs [392] The Communication Effects Gap and the Consequences ofDiffusion [394] Gap-Widening Consequences of the Adoption of Innovations [398] Social Structure and the Equality of Consequences [407] Strategies for Narrowing Gaps [403] Wider Gaps Are Not Inevitable [408] SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS [410] Bibliography [414] Name Index [441] Subject Index [447] |
| Формат: | djvu |
| Размер: | 3929731 байт |
| Язык: | ENG |
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