Metal-catalyzed Cross-coupling Reactions
Автор(ы): | Diedreich F., Stang P. J.
06.10.2007
|
Год изд.: | 1998 |
Описание: | Metal-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions are extensively employed in a wide range of areas of preparative organic chemistry, from the synthesis of complex natural products to supramolecular chemistry and materials science. For example, the formation of new carbon-rich polymers and networks by acetylenic molecular scaffolding, the development of many abiotic receptors, and the preparation of many dendrimers depends heavily on modern cross-coupling methodologies. In fact, in the 1990s one can hardly open a chemical journal in the broad area of organic chemistry or materials science that does not contain several examples of cross-coupling reactions. |
Оглавление: |
Обложка книги.
1 Palladium- or Nickel-catalyzed Cross-coupling with Organometals Containing Zinc, Magnesium, Aluminum, and Zirconium Ei-ichi Negishi, Fang Liu1.1 Introduction [1] 1.2 Systematic survey of palladium-or nickel-catalyzed cross-coupling [4] 1.2.1 Scope with respect to metal counterions and inhibition of catalysis by organolithiums [4] 1.2.2 Cross-coupling between two unsaturated carbon groups [6] 1.2.2.1 Palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling involving alkynylmetals and related alkynyl nucleophiles: alkynyl-aryl, alkynyl-alkenyl, and alkynyl-alkynyl coupling [6] 1.2.2.2 Hydrometallation cross-coupling and carbometallation — cross-coupling tandem protocols and other alkenyl-aryl, alkenyl-alkenyl, and alkenyl-alkynyl coupling reactions: double metal catalysis [7] 1.2.2.3 Aryl-aryl coupling [10] 1.2.3 Palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling involving alkyl groups without proximal unsaturation [12] 1.2.4 Cross-coupling involving allyl, benzyl, and propargyl groups [16] 1.2.4.1 Coupling reactions of alkenyl- and arylmetals with allyl, benzyl, and propargyl electrophiles [16] 1.2.4.2 Cross-coupling with allyl-and benzylmetals [18] 1.2.5 Cross-coupling involving carbonyl compounds [18] 1.2.5.1 Palladium-catalyzed acylation of organometals with асуl halides [18] 1.2.5.2 Palladium-catalyzed allylation and related reactions of enolates [19] 1.2.5.3 (?)-Substitution of carbonyl compounds with unsaturated carbon groups [21] 1.2.6 Leaving groups [24] 1.2.7 Ligands [26] 1.3 Assymetric cross-coupling [27] 1.4 Palladium-catalyzed tandem processes involving cross-coupling reactions [30] 1.5 Mechanism of cross-coupling [34] 1.6 Conclusions [37] 1.7 Representative experimental procedures [39] 1.7.1 (?)-Methoxyphenylethyne [39] 1.7.1.1 Preparation of ethynylzinc chloride [39] 1.7.1.2 Preparation of (?)methoxyphenylethyne [39] 1.7.2 (7E,9E,11E,13E)-Retinol (vitamin A) [40] 1.7.3 (?)-Farnesene [41] 1.7.4 (Z)-1-[1(?)-methyl-(E)-2'-heptenylidene]indan [41] Abbreviations [42] References [42] 2 Cross-coupling Reactions of Organoboron Compounds with Organic Halides Akira Suzuki 2.1 Introduction [49] 2.2 Preparation of organoboron compounds [49] 2.2.1 Hydroboration of alkenes and alkynes [49] 2.2.2 Haloboration of terminal alkynes [51] 2.2.3 Preparation from organolithium and magnesium reagents [52] 2.2.4 Miscellaneous methods [53] 2.3 Palladium-catalyzed reactions of organoboron compounds and their mechanism [54] 2.3.1 Cross-coupling reactions [54] 2.3.2 Other reactions catalyzed by transition-metal complexes [61] 2.4 Cross-coupling reactions of organoboron compounds [63] 2.4.1 Coupling of 1-alkenylboron derivatives: Synthesis of conjugated dienes [63] 2.4.2 Coupling of arylboron compounds: Synthesis of biaryls [70] 2.4.3 Coupling of alkyboron derivatives [74] 2.4.4 Reactions with Inflates [79] 2.4.5 Carbonylative coupling [81] 2.5 Conclusions [82] 2.6 Experimental procedures [84] 2.6.1 Reaction of 1-alkenylboronates with vinylic halides: Synthesis of (1Z, 3E)-1-phenyl-1,3-octadiene [84] 2.6.1.1 (E)-1-Hexenyl-1,3,2-benzodioxaborole [84] 2.6.1.2 (IZ, 3E)-1-Phenyl-1,3-octadiene [85] 2.6.2 Reaction of arylboronic acids with haloarenes: synthesis of sterically hindered biaryls [85] 2.6.3 Reaction of 9-alkyl-9-borabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane with 1-bromo-1-phenylthioethene: synthesis of 4-(3-cyclohexenyl)-2-phenylthio-1-butene [86] 2.6.3.1 1-Bromo-1-phenylthioethene [86] 2.6.3.2 9-[2-(3-Cyclohexenyl)ethylJ-9-BBN [86] 2.6.3.3 4-(3-Cyclohexenyl)-3-phenylethio-1-butene [87] 2.6.4 Intramolecular cross-coupling of enol inflates with organoboron compounds: Synthesis of 2,3-trimethylene-3-carbomethoxycycloheptene [88] 2.6.4.1 2-Allyl-2-carbomethoxycyclo-7-heptenyl triflate [88] 2.6.4.2 2,3-Trimethylene-3-carbomethoxycyclo-7-heptene [88] 2.6.5 Carbonylative coupling reaction: Synthesis of (?)-5-pentadecen-7-one [88] Abbreviations [89] References [89] 3 Palladium-catalyzed Coupling of Organyl Halides to Alkenes - The Heck Reaction Stefan Brase, Arrnin de Meijere 3.1 Introduction [99] 3.2 Principles [99] 3.2.1 The mechanism [99] 3.2.2 The catalysts [101] 3.2.3 Thealkenes [102] 3.2.4 Effects of bases, ligands, and additives [105] 3.2.5 The leaving groups [107] 3.2.6 Stereochemical requirements in intramolecular cyclizations [112] 3.3 Cascade reactions and multiple couplings [114] 3.3.1 Heck cascades involving sp2 centers [115] 3.3.2 Heck-reaction cascades involving sp2 and sp centers [116] 3.3.3 Cascades consisting of Heck and subsequent cycloaddition or electrocyclization reactions [117] 3.3.3.1 Heck and Diels-Alder cascades [117] 3.3.3.2 Heck блг-electrocyclization cascades [118] 3.3.4 Heck combined with other cross-coupling processes [121] 3.3.5 Palladium-catalyzed reactions with nucleophilic substrates [122] 3.3.6 Heck-aldol and Heck-Michael cascades [126] 3.3.7 С—H activation in Heck-type processes [127] 3.3.8 Heck with consecutive carbonylation reactions [130] 3.3.9 Multiple Heck couplings [130] 3.4 Related palladium-catalyzed reactions [133] 3.5 Enantioselective Heck-type reactions [134] 3.6 Syntheses of natural products and biologically active compounds [139] 3.7 Conclusions [141] 3.8 Experimental procedures [148] 3.8.1 Dipotassium (E)-4,4'-diphenylstilbene-4"-4"'-disulfonate (stilbene I) [148] 3.8.2 mms-4-Acetylstilbene [149] 3.8.3 Methyl 3-(E)- {2-[2-(E)-methoxycarbonylethenyl]cyclopent-1 -enyl(?)acrylate [150] 3.8.4 Diethyl 4'-chloro-4'-methoxycarbonylspirotcyclopropane-1,3'-bicyclo[4.3.0]non-l'(6')-ene]-8',8'-dicarboxylate [150] 3.8.5 (?)-2-Cyclohexenyl-2,5-dihydrofuran [151] 3.8.6 Methoxy-1-GSVethenyl-1,2,3,4- tetrahydronaphthalene [151] Acknowledgments [152] Abbreviations and acronyms [152] References [154] 4 Organotin Reagents in Cross-Coupling Terence N. Mitchell 4.1 Introduction [167] 4.2 Stille coupling of alkenyltins [167] 4.2.1 Inlermolecular reactions [168] 4.2.1.1 Reactions involving organic halides and inflates [168] 4.2.1.2 Reactions involving acid chlorides [170] 4.2.1.3 Reactions involving allyl carbonates [171] 4.2.2 Intramolecular reactions [172] 4.2.3 Reactions of distannylalkenes [173] 4.2.4 Less conventional reactions [175] 4.2.5 Mechanistic considerations and the choice of catalyst [178] 4.3 Reactions of substrates where tin is attached to a heterocyclic ring [179] 4.3.1 Stannylfurans, -thiophenes, and -pyrroles [179] 4.3.2 Stannylpyridines (and-quinolines) [180] 4.3.3 Stannylindoles [182] 4.3.4 Other heterocycles [182] 4.4 Reactions of aryItins [182] 4.4.1 Reactions with inflates [182] 4.4.2 Reactions with halides [183] 4.5 Reactions of alkynyItins [185] 4.6 Reactions of alkyltins [187] 4.7 Reactions involving various types of tetraorganolin [187] 4.8 Reactions of allyl-, allenyl-, and propargyItins [188] 4.9 Related palladium-catalyzed reactions [189] 4.9.1 Reactions of ditins (and silylstannanes) [189] 4.9.1.1 Cross-coupling reactions [190] 4.9.1.2 Addition reactions [190] 4.9.2 Reactions of tin hydrides [190] 4.9.3 Reactions of tin alkoxides, thioalkoxides, and stannylamines [192] 4.10 Reactions induced by copper [192] 4.11 Nickel-catalyzed reactions [193] 4.12 Mechanistic discussion and conclusion [194] 4.13 Experimental procedures [195] 4.13.1 Indanomycin [195] 4.13.2 N,N'-Bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)papuamine [196] 4.13.3 Rapamycin [196] 4.13.4 A nickel-catalyzed procedure: 1-Phenylpent-4-en-1-yne [196] Abbreviations [197] References [197] 5 Cross-coupling Reactions to sp Carbon Atoms Kenkichi Sonogashira 5.1 Introduction [203] 5.2 Cross-coupling reactions of alkynylmetal reagents with sp2 carbon atoms [203] 5.2.1 Alkynylcopper reagents [203] 5.2.2 Alkynylborane reagents [205] 5.3 Transition-metal-catalyzed Cross-coupling [206] 5.3.1 Alkynylzinc reagents [206] 5.3.2 Alkynyltin reagents [208] 5.3.3 Alkynylmagnesium reagents [211] 5.3.4 Alkynylborane reagents [212] 5.3.5 Terminal acetylene with sp2-carbon halides [213] 5.3.5.1 Synthesis of internal acetylenes [213] 5.3.5.2 Synthesis of terminal acetylenes [216] 5.3.5.3 Stereospecific synthesis [220] 5.3.5.6 Cross-coupling of haloalkynes with organometallic compounds [222] 5.4 Conclusions [223] 5.5 Experimental procedures [224] 5.5.1 Undeca-3,5-diyn-1-ol [224] 5.5.2 Alk-3,5-diyn-1-ol [224] 5.5.3 (E)-5-Undecen-3-yn-1-ol [224] 5.5.4 Diphenylacetylene [225] 5.5.5 4-Phenylbut-1-en-3-yne [225] 5.5.6 (?)-Nitroethynylbenzene [226] 5.5.7 (7Z)-7-Pentadecen-5,9-yn-1-ol [226] 5.5.8 Terminal acetylene by potassium-hydroxide-catalyzed retro-Favorsky reaction [226] Abbreviations [227] References [227] 6 Intramolecular Heck Reactions in Natural Product Chemistry J. T. Link, Larry E. Overman 6.1 Introduction [231] 6.2 Mechanistic outline [231] 6.3 Ring synthesis [233] 6.3.1 Five-membered rings [233] 6.3.2 Six-membered rings [236] 6.3.3 Seven-membered rings [242] 6.3.4 Eight-membered rings [243] 6.3.5 Large rings [244] 6.4 Cycloisomerization of enynes [246] 6.5 Tandem reactions [248] 6.6 Asymmetric reactions [256] 6.7 Concluding comments [260] 6.8 Representative experimental procedures [261] 6.8.1 General comments about catalysts, reagents, and conditions [261] 6.8.2 [7a,8c]-Dispiro[l ,3-dioxolane-2,1 '-cyclohex-2'-ene-4',8"-7"[(methoxycarbonyl)aminomethyl][5H-1,3]dioxor4,5-g][2]benzopyran] [263] 6.8.3 (-)-5,6-Dehydro-17-[10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,J]cyclohepten-5-yl]-4-benzyloxy-3-methoxymorphinan [263] 6.8.4 (5/3,17/3)-((?)-Methoxybenzyl)oxymethyl-5,19-methylenedioxyandrostan-l,8(14),9(11)-triene [263] 6.8.5 (2(?),4a5(?),75(?),9a5(?))-2-Hydroxy-4-(4-hydroxybutyl)-7-methyl-1,2,5,6,7, 9a-hexahydro-4a,7-methano-4(?)-benzocycloheptene [264] 6.8.6 (?)-3-Formylmethyl-1,2-dihydro-5-methoxy-1,3-dimethyl-2-oxo-[3(?)]indole [265] Abbreviations [266] References [266] 7 Carbometallation Reactions Ilane Marek, Jean F. Normant 7.1 Introduction [271] 7.2 Carbometallation of alkynes [271] 7.2.1 Intermolecular Carbometallation [271] 7.2.2 Intramolecular Carbometallation [276] 7.2.2.1 Five-membered ring synthesis [276] 7.2.2.2 Four-membered ring synthesis [282] 7.2.2.3 Six-membered ring synthesis [282] 7.3 Carbometallation of allenes [283] 7.3.1 Intramolecular Carbometallation [283] 7.3.2 Intermolecular Carbometallation [286] 7.4 Carbometallation of conjugated enynes [287] 7.4.1 Intermolecular Carbometallation [287] 7.4.2 Intramolecular carbolithiation of conjugated silylated enynes [287] 7.5 Carbometallation of alkenes [289] 7.5.1 Intramolecular Carbometallation [290] 7.5.1.1 Five-membered ring synthesis [290] 7.5.1.2 Six-membered ring synthesis [304] 7.5.1.3 Four-membered ring synthesis and rearrangements of bis(homoallyl) metals [305] 7.5.1.4 Three-membered ring synthesis [306] 7.5.1.5 Five-membered ring synthesis via cyclization of vinyllithium derivatives [306] 7.5.2 Inteimolecular Carbometallation [307] 7.6 Enantioselective Carbometallation of alkenes [322] 7.7 Conclusions [328] 7.8 Experimental procedures [329] 7.8.1 (E)-1-Chloro-2-allyl-3-tert-butoxy)hex-1-ene [329] 7.8.2 General procedure for the cyclization involving Rieke's activated zinc [330] 7.8.3 Typical procedure for the cyclization of propargylic organozinc reagents [330] 7.8.4 anr(?)-(35(?),4(?))-Dimethylnon-1-ene [331] 7.8.5 ((?))-2-Benzylhexan-1-ol [331] Abbreviations [331] References and notes [332] 8 Palladium-catalyzed 1,4-Additions to Conjugated Dienes Jan-E. Backvall 8.1 Introduction [339] 8.2 Palladium(0)-catalyzed reactions [339] 8.2.1 Addition of H-Nu [340] 8.2.1.1 1,4-Hydrosilylation [340] 8.2.1.2 1,4-Hydrostannation [342] 8.2.1.3 1,4-Hydroamination [342] 8.2.1.4 Addition of active methylene compounds [343] 8.2.1.5 1,4-Hydrosulfonation [344] 8.2.1.6 1,4-Hydroboration [344] 8.2.1.7 1,4-Hydrocyanation [345] 8.2.2 1,4-Coupling with R-and Nu [345] 8.2.2.1 1,4-Carboamination [346] 8.2.2.2 1,4-Addition of R-(aryl or vinyl) and stabilized carbanions [347] 8.2.2.3 1,4-Addition of carbon and oxygen nucleophiles [349] 8.2.2.4 1,4-Carbosilylation [350] 8.3 Palladium(II)-catalyzed reactions [352] 8.3.1 1,4-Addition of two nucleophiles [352] 8.3.1.1 1,4-Diacyloxylation [353] 8.3.1.2 1,4-Haloacyloxylation [364] 8.3.1.3 1,4-Addition of an alkoxide and another oxygen function or a halide [372] 8.3.1.4 1,4-Oxyanimation and 1,4-chloroamination [376] 8.3.1.5 Intramolecular 1,4-additions with С—С bond formation [377] 8.4 Experimental Procedures [380] 8.4.1 (3aS*,5R*,7aR*)-5-Acetoxy-2-oxo-2,3,3a,4,5,7a-hexahydK)benzofuran [380] 8.4.2 cis-4-Chloro-3-[4-(benzyloxy)butyl]-2-cyclohexen-1-yl acetate [380] 8.4.3 (3aR*,5S*,7aR*)-1 -(Benzyloxycarbonyl)-5-chloro-2,3,3a,4,5,7a-hexahydroindole [381] 8.4.4 (15*,45*,dR*)-4-Chloro-7,7-di(raethoxycarbonyl)-9-methylenebicyclo[4.4.0Jdec-2-ene [381] Abbreviations [381] References and notes [382] 9 Carbon-Carbon Bond Formation Reactions Mediated by Organozinc Reagents Paul Knochel 9.1 Introduction [387] 9.1.1 Methods of preparation of zinc organometallics [388] 9.2 Uncatalyzed cross-coupling reactions [391] 9.3 Copper-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions [393] 9.3.1 Cross-coupling reactions with allylic halides and related reactive halides [393] 9.3.2 Cross-coupling reactions with alkynyl, alkenyl, and aryl halides [396] 9.3.3 Cross-coupling reactions with alkyl halides [398] 9.3.4 Acylation reactions [398] 9.4 Transition-metal-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions [399] 9.4.1 Palladium and nickel-catalyzed C —bond formation reactions [399] 9.4.1.1 Addition to unaclivated double bonds [399] 9.4.1.2 Addition to unactivated triple bonds: nickel-catalyzed carbozincation [403] 9.4.1.3 Catalytic Csp3-Csp3 cross-coupling reactions [403] 9.4.1.4 Palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling between polyfunctional unsaturated substrates [406] 9.4.2 Cobalt-, manganese-, and iron-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions [407] 9.4.2.1 Carbonylations and acylations [407] 9.4.2.2 Cobalt-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions [408] 9.4.2.3 Manganese- and copper-catalyzed radical cyclizations [409] 9.5 Conclusions [410] 9.6 Experimental procedures [410] 9.6.1 ((?))-6-Chloro-2-hexenenitrile [410] 9.6.2 (3-Myrtanyl)cyclopentanone [410] 9.6.3 Quinidine derivative 21 [411] 9.6.4 6-Chloro-1-cyclohexenyl-1-hexyne [411] 9.6.5 3-(4-Pentynyl)-2-cyclohexen-1-one [412] 9.6.6 ((?))-10-Pivaloxy-5-decenemtrile [412] 9.6.7 10-Nitro-9-phenyldecyl acetate [412] 9.6.8 2,5-Dibenzoylthiophene [413] 9.6.9 1-Butyl-1-(3-nitro-2-phenylpropyl)cyclopentane [413] 9.6.10 Ethyl 12-acetoxy-2-dodecanoate [414] 9.6.11 ((?))-4-(5-Chloro-1-pentenyl)benzonitrile [414] 9.6.12 4-Chlorobiphenyl [414] 9.6.13 (4'-Chloro-3-trifluoromethanesulfonyloxy)biphenyl [414] 9.6.14 4"-Cyano-4-methoxy-1,1',2',1"-teiphenyl [415] 9.6.15 Di(4-chlorobutyl) ketone [415] 9.6.16 5-Oxododecyl Pivalate [416] 9.6.17 m-Bicyclo[4.3.0]nonan-1-ol [416] Abbreviations [416] References [416] 10 Organosilicon Compounds in Cross-coupling Reactions Tamejiro Hiyama 10.1 Introduction [421] 10.1.1 A brief history of the cross-coupling reaction [421] 10.1.2 Previous studies on organosilicon-based cross-coupling reactions [421] 10.1.3 Activation of а С—Si bond by a nucleophile [422] 10.2 Coupling reactions of alkenylsilanes [423] 10.2.1 Trimethyl(vinyl)silane [423] 10.2.2 Alkenylsilanes [424] 10.2.3 Stereochemistry [425] 10.2.4 Mechanism [426] 10.2.5 Synthetic applications [428] 10.3 Coupling reactions of arylsilanes [429] 10.3.1 Prototype of biaryl synthesis [429] 10.3.2 Coupling with chlorobenzene [432] 10.3.3 Use of sodium hydroxide activator [432] 10.3.4 Applications [432] 10.3.5 Carbonylative coupling [433] 10.3.6 Mechanism [434] 10.4 Coupling reactions of alkynylsilanes [435] 10.4.1 Synthesis of conjugated acetylenes [435] 10.4.2 Three-component coupling reaction [436] 10.5 Coupling reactions of disilanes [436] 10.6 Coupling reactions of alkylsilanes [436] 10.6.1 Methylation [436] 10.6.2 Alkylation [437] 10.6.3 Leaving groups of the coupling partner [437] 10.6.4 Stereochemistry [439] 10.7 Coupling reactions of allylsilanes [440] 10.7.1 Regiochemistry [440] 10.7.2 Stereochemistry [442] 10.7.3 Asymmetric chemistry [444] 10.8 Coupling reactions without fluoride ion [446] 10.8.1 Coupling reactions of allylic carbonates [446] 10.8.2 Coupling reactions of diene monoxides [448] 10.9 Prospects [448] 10.9.1 Availability of organosilicon reagents [448] 10.9.2 The future of the organosilicon-based cross-coupling reaction [449] 10.9.3 Summary [449] 10.10 Experimental procedures [449] 10.10.1 1-Vinylnaphthalene [449] 10.10.2 ter(?)-Butyl(3(?),55,6(?))-7-[2-Cyclopropyl-4(4-fluorophenyl)quinolin-3-yl]-3,5-isopropylidenedioxy-6-heptenoate [450] 10.10.3 4-Fluoro-4'-methoxy-1,1'-biphenyl [450] 10.10.4 3,4-Difluoro-4'-(fraav-4-propylcyclohexyl)-1,1'-biphenyl [451] Abbreviations [451] References [452] 11 Palladium-catalyzed Coupling Reactions of Propargylic Compounds Jiro Tsuji, Tadakatsu Mandai 11.1 Introduction [455] 11.2 Classification of palladium-catalyzed reactions based on mechanistic considerations [455] 11.3 Reactions via insertion into the sp2 carbon bond of allenylpalladium intermediates (Type I) [459] 11.3.1 Reactions of alkenes: formation of 1,2,4-alkatrienes [459] 11.3.2 Carbonylation [459] 11.3.2.1 Reaction features [459] 11.3.2.2 Preparation of 2,3-alkadienoates and their derivatives by monocarbonylation [461] 11.3.2.3 Preparation of triesters by dicarbonylation [463] 11.3.2.4 Dicarbonylation of propargyl chloride and alcohols [466] 11.3.2.5 Preparation of (?)-alkenylidene-(?)-lactones [468] 11.3.2.6 Preparation of (?)-alkenylidene-(?)-lactams [469] 11.3.2.7 Carbonylation in the presence of active methylene and methyne compounds [469] 11.3.2.8 Domino Carbonylation and Diels-Alder reaction [470] 11.3.2.9 Domino Carbonylation and ene reaction [471] 11.3.2.10 Preparation of cyclopentenonecarboxylates [473] 11.4 Reactions via transmetallation of allenylpalladium intermediates and related reactions (Type II) [475] 11.4.1 Reactions of hard carbon nucleophiles [475] 11.4.2 Reaction of terminal alkynes: formation of 1,2-alkadien-4-ynes [477] 11.5 Reactions via attack by soft carbon and oxo nucleophiles on the central carbon of allenylpalladium intermediates (Type III) [479] 11.5.1 Reactions of soft carbon nucleophiles [479] 11.5.2 Reaction of oxo nucleophiles [484] 11.6 Experimental procedures [485] 11.6.1 Reaction of carbonate with alkenes [485] 11.6.2 Domino Carbonylation and Diels-Alder reaction [486] 11.6.3 Reaction with alkyne [487] 11.6.4 Furan formation by the reaction with acetoacetate [487] Abbreviations [487] Reference [489] Author Index [491] Subject Index [495] |
Формат: | djvu |
Размер: | 8010443 байт |
Язык: | ENG |
Рейтинг: | 177 |
Открыть: | Ссылка (RU) |