Chromatography: Concepts and Contrasts

Автор(ы):Miller J. M.
06.10.2007
Год изд.:1988
Описание: Separation methods are an important part of analysis, and chromatography has developed into the premier separation technique. Chromatography's rapid development can be attributed to its relative simplicity and the successful application of theory to practice. While developments will continue, thus precluding the writing of a definitive monograph, this work is intended to present a unified view of the current status of chromatography, including the underlying theories and the current state-of-the-art practice.
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1. INTRODUCTION TO CHROMATOGRAPHY [1]
  A Brief History [1]
  Definitions and Classifications [4]
    Separation [4]
    Chromatography [4]
    Chromatographic Symbols [7]
    The Normal Distribution [12]
    Other Terms [14]
  Summary [23]
  References [23]
2. KINETIC PROCESSES IN CHROMATOGRAPY [25]
  Configurations of the Stationary Phase [25]
  The Rate Theory [28]
    The Original Van Deemter Theory [28]
    A Modern View of the Rate Theory [29]
    A Redefinition of H [35]
    Practical Consequences of the Rate Theory [35]
  References [38]
3. PHYSICAL FORCES AND MOLECULAR INTERACTIONS [40]
  Intermolecular and Interionic Forces [40]
    Introduction [40]
    Ionic Interactions [42]
    Van der Waals Forces [43]
    Hydrogen Bonding [45]
    Charge Transfer [45]
  Size Exclusion—Sieving [45]
  Some Models [47]
    Hildebrand's Solubility Parameter [49]
    Snyder's Solvent Parameter [49]
  References [51]
4. OPTIMIZATION AND THE ACHIEVEMENT OF SEPARATION [53]
  Kinetics and Zone Broadening [53]
  Thermodynamics and Zone Migration [54]
  The Achievement of Separation [55]
  The Optimization of Separations [56]
  References [59]
5. COMPARISONS BETWEEN CHROMATOGRAPHIC MODES [60]
  Gas Chromatography Compared to Liquid Chromatography [60]
    Gases Compared to Liquids [60]
    Supercritical Fluids [64]
    Efficiency and Speed [65]
    Reduced Parameters [66]
  Column and Planar Configurations [69]
    Peaks Compared to Bands [69]
    Retention Ratio and Retardation Factor [71]
  Special Techniques [74]
  References [74]
6. QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS [75]
  Retention Parameters [75]
    Relative Retention Parameters [77]
    Two Column Plots [80]
  Other Methods of Qualitative Analysis [81]
    Chemical Methods [81]
    Instrumental Methods [82]
  References [87]
7. QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS [88]
  Detectors [88]
    Classification of Detectors [88]
    Detector Characteristics [92]
    Detector Specifications [95]
  Statistics of Quantitative Calculations [98]
  Quantitative Methods [101]
    Considerations in Setting Up a Method [101]
    Methods of Quantitative Analysis [103]
  References [107]
8. GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY [109]
  Instrumentation [111]
    The Mobile Phase [111]
    Injection Ports and Valves [112]
    Columns [114]
    Detectors [121]
    Instrumentation Summary [131]
  The Stationary Phase [131]
    Typical Liquids [132]
    Rohrschneider/McReynolds Constants [137]
    Methods for Selecting Stationary Phases [141]
  Temperature Effects [144]
    Programmed Temperature GC (PTGC) [146]
  Special Topics [150]
    Inorganic GC [150]
    Inverse GC [150]
    Row Programming [150]
    Preparative Scale GC [150]
    Other Special Techniques [150]
  Evaluation [151]
  References [151]
9. LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY IN COLUMNS [154]
  Classification of LC Methods [154]
    Liquid-Solid Chromatography (LSC) [158]
    Liquid-Liquid Chromatography (LLC) [163]
    Bonded Phase Chromatography (BPC) [166]
    Ion Exchange Chromatography (IEC) [171]
    Size Exclusion Chromatography (SEC) [186]
  Instrumentation [193]
    Pumping Systems and the Mobile Phase [194]
    Sampling [197]
    Columns [199]
    Detectors [204]
  Mobile Phases and Their Selection [209]
    Classification of Solvent Properties [209]
    Overlapping Resolution Mapping [213]
    Phase Selection Diagrams [218]
  Sample Clean-Up and Preparative Isolation [219]
    Sample Clean-Up [220]
    Low Pressure Prep LC [220]
    High Performance Prep LC [222]
  Special Topics [224]
    Pseudophase or Micellar LC [224]
    Affinity Chromatography [224]
    Internal Surface Reverse Phase Supports [225]
    Instrumental Topics [226]
  Evaluation [227]
  References [228]
10. LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY ON PLANE SURFACES [232]
  Theory [232]
    The Nature of Mobile Phase Flow [232]
    Other Comparisons with Column Methods [234]
  The Stationary Phase [236]
    Thin Layers [236]
    Paper [239]
  The Mobile Phase [241]
  Apparatus and Procedures [242]
    Sampling [242]
    Development [243]
    Visualization and Detection [244]
    Quantitative Analysis [245]
  Evaluation [245]
  References [246]
  Selected Bibliography [247]
11. OTHER TOPICS [248]
  Supercritical Fluid Chromatography (SFC) [248]
    Principles of Operation [248]
    Instrumentation [252]
    Applications [254]
  Chromatography and On-line Mass Spec and Infrared [257]
    Requirements for Interfacing [257]
    GC/MS and GC/FTIR [258]
    LC/MS and LC/FTIR [260]
    SFC/MS and SFC/FTIR [261]
  Chiral Separations [261]
    Diastereomer Separations [262]
    Chiral Mobile Phases [263]
    Chiral Stationary Phases [265]
  Derivatization [268]
    Reasons for Derivatization [268]
    Methods [269]
    Examples [269]
  References [273]
12. SELECTION OF A METHOD [276]
  Methods of Attack [276]
    Literature Searching [277]
    The Experimental Approach [278]
  Summary [284]
  References [284]
APPENDIX [286]
  Typical Chromatographic Calculations [286]
  Calculations: Gas Chromatogram of Toluene [289]
  List of Symbols and Acronyms [290]
INDEX [295]
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